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How Long Can a Representitive in the House Serve Before Having to Run Again

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Overview nigh the term limits in the United States

In the United States, term limits, also referred to every bit rotation in part, restrict the number of terms of role an officeholder may serve. At the federal level, the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution limits the president of the Us to two iv-year terms. Country regime offices in some, but not all states, are term-limited, including for executive, legislative, and judicial office.

Historical background [edit]

The Constitution [edit]

Term limits can engagement back to the American Revolution, and prior to that to the democracies and republics of artifact. The council of 500 in aboriginal Athens rotated its unabridged membership annually, as did the ephorate in ancient Sparta. The ancient Roman Republic featured a system of elected magistrates—tribunes of the plebs, aediles, quaestors, praetors, and consuls —who served a single term of one year, with re-election to the aforementioned magistracy forbidden for x years (encounter cursus honorum). Co-ordinate to historian Garrett Fagan, office holding in the Roman Republic was based on "express tenure of office" which ensured that "authority circulated frequently", helping to preclude corruption. An boosted benefit of the cursus honorum or Run of Offices was to bring the "about experienced" politicians to the upper echelons of ability-holding in the ancient republic.[1] Many of the founders of the United States were educated in the classics, and quite familiar with rotation in the function during antiquity. The debates of that twenty-four hour period reveal a desire to study and profit from the object lessons offered by ancient democracy.[ commendation needed ]

Prior to independence, several colonies had already experimented with term limits. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut of 1639, for example, prohibited the colonial governor from serving consecutive terms past setting terms at one year'southward length and holding "that no person be chosen Governor above one time in two years."[ii] Soon afterward independence, the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 set maximum service in the Pennsylvania General Assembly at "four years in seven".[iii] Benjamin Franklin's influence is seen non only in that he chaired the constitutional convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution, merely also because it included, near unchanged, Franklin'southward earlier proposals on executive rotation. Pennsylvania's plural executive was equanimous of twelve citizens elected for the term of three years, followed by a mandatory vacation of four years.[4]

The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781, established term limits for the delegates to the Continental Congress, mandating in Article V that "no person shall be capable of beingness a consul for more than iii years in whatever term of six years."[v]

On October 2, 1789, the Continental Congress appointed a committee of thirteen to examine forms of government for the impending union of the states. Among the proposals was that from the State of Virginia, written past Thomas Jefferson, urging a limitation of tenure, "to prevent every danger which might arise to American liberty by standing as well long in office the members of the Continental Congress".[6] The committee fabricated recommendations, which as regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Manufactures of Confederation (1781–89). The fifth Commodity stated that "no person shall be capable of existence a delegate [to the continental congress] for more than than 3 years in whatsoever term of half dozen years".[a]

Term limits in the Constitution [edit]

In contrast to the Articles of Confederation, the federal constitution convention at Philadelphia omitted mandatory term limits from the U.Due south. Constitution of 1789. At the convention, some delegates spoke passionately confronting term limits such as Rufus King, who said "that he who has proved himself to be most fit for an Part, ought not to be excluded by the constitution from belongings information technology."[vii] The Electoral College, it was believed by some[ who? ] delegates at the convention, could take a office to play in limiting unfit officers from continuing.

When usa ratified the Constitution (1787–88), several leading statesmen regarded the lack of mandatory limits to tenure every bit a dangerous defect, especially, they idea, as regards the presidency and the Senate. Richard Henry Lee viewed the absence of legal limits to tenure, together with certain other features of the Constitution, as "most highly and dangerously oligarchic".[8] Both Jefferson[9] and George Mason[ten] advised limits on reelection to the Senate and to the Presidency, considering said Mason, "aught is so essential to the preservation of a Republican government every bit a periodic rotation". The historian Mercy Otis Warren, warned that "there is no provision for a rotation, nor annihilation to preclude the perpetuity of role in the same hands for life; which by a lilliputian well-timed bribery, volition probably be done".[11]

Presidential term limits 1789-1952 [edit]

Korzi (2013) says George Washington did not set the informal precedent for a two-term limit for the Presidency. He only meant he was too worn out to personally go along in office.[12] It was Thomas Jefferson who made it a principle in 1808. He made many statements calling for term limits in one course or some other.[b]

The 2-term limit tradition was maintained for 132 years. It was unsuccessfully challenged by Ulysses Grant in 1880,[xiii] Theodore Roosevelt in 1912,[14] and Woodrow Wilson in 1920.[xv] Franklin D. Roosevelt successfully bankrupt information technology in 1940, citing the outbreak of Earth War 2.[16] The two Roosevelts are the only presidents to run for a third term in a full general ballot; Grant and Wilson merely sought to gain their parties' nomination. Franklin Roosevelt was re-elected in 1944 for a fourth term amidst the United States' engagement in Earth War 2, just died soon afterward in part. The 22nd Amendment to the U.South. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in law the 2-term limit—although it did not employ to the incumbent Harry Due south Truman, Franklin Roosevelt's successor. Truman declined to run for a 3rd term in 1952.

The fact that "perpetuity in office" was non approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in office as a popular 19th-century concept. "Ideas are, in truth, forces", and rotation in function enjoyed such normative back up, especially at the local level, that information technology altered political reality.[17] [c]

During the US Civil War, the Constitution of the Confederate States limited its president to a single six-yr term. But Jefferson Davis served as Amalgamated President, and he did not complete a full term in office before surrendering to the Union.

Era of incumbency [edit]

The practice of nomination rotation for the Business firm of Representatives began to decline after the Ceremonious War. It took a generation or so earlier the directly master organisation, civil service reforms, and the ethic of professionalism worked to eliminate rotation in part as a common political practice. By the turn of the 20th century the era of incumbency was coming into full swing.[ citation needed ]

A total of 8 presidents served two total terms and declined a third and 3 presidents served ane total term and refused a second. Later on Earth War 2, however, an officeholder grade had developed to the point that congressional tenure rivaled that of the U.S. Supreme Court, where tenure is for life.[ commendation needed ]

Term limits movement [edit]

A movement in favor of term limits took hold in the early 1990s, and reached its noon in 1992-94, a menses when 17 states enacted term limits through land legislation or state constitutional amendments.[18]

Many of the laws enacted limited terms for both the state legislature and in the state's delegation to Congress; as they pertain to Congress, these laws were struck downwardly equally unconstitutional past U.Southward. Supreme Court in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. 5. Thornton (1995), in which the court ruled, on a v–4 vote, that country governments cannot limit the terms of members of the national regime.[18] [19]

Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood court challenges, term limits go on to garner popular support. As of 2002, the advocacy grouping "U.Due south. Term Limits" found that in the 17 states where state legislators served in rotation, public support for term limits ranged from 60 to 78 percent.[20]

Federal term limits [edit]

Part Term limits
President Limited to being elected to a total of 2 4-yr terms. A President by succession who completes more than ii years of a old President'due south unfinished term may be elected in their ain right but in one case, and two more than four-year terms are permitted if they consummate two years or less. Condign a President by succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times, for case, if they are Vice President and the President dies, resigns or is removed from office via impeachment conviction.[21]
Vice President Unlimited iv-yr terms
Firm of Representatives Unlimited ii-year terms
Senate Unlimited six-twelvemonth terms
Supreme Court No term limits, appointed to serve "during good beliefs"[22] (but tin can be impeached and removed from role for "loftier Crimes and Misdemeanors"); in practice a Justice serves until decease, resignation, or retirement.

As of 2013, term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive co-operative and some agencies. Judicial appointments at the federal level are made for life, and are not subject area to ballot or to term limits. The U.S. Congress remains (since the Thornton decision of 1995) without electoral limits.

President [edit]

"Four more years" redirects here. For the documentary, run into Iv More Years.

George Washington'due south determination in 1796 non to run for a third term has often been given credit as the commencement of a tradition that no president should ever run for a third term.[23] Washington wanted to retire when his first term ended in 1792 but all his advisors begged him to stand for reelection. Past 1796 he insisted on retiring, for he felt exhausted, and was disgusted with the virulent personal attacks on his integrity. His Farewell Address very briefly mentioned why he would not run for a third term, and goes on to requite a peachy deal of political advice, simply it does not mention term limits. Later his death, his refusal to run was explained in terms of a "no-3rd-tradition". Crockett (2008) argues, "The argument for term limits has a solid and respectable full-blooded. Contrary to popular belief, however, that full-blooded does not begin with George Washington."[24] The Second President, John Adams, lost re-election in 1800 to Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson himself declined re-ballot to a third term, attributing the precedent to Washington.[25]

In the 1780s, about half the states provided term limits for governors.[26] The Constitutional convention of 1787 discussed the outcome and decided not to institute presidential term limits. "The matter was adequately discussed in the Convention," Washington wrote in 1788, "and to my full convictions ... I can see no propriety in precluding ourselves from the services of any homo, who on some great emergency shall be deemed universally, most capable of serving the Public", even after serving two terms. The Constitution, Washington explained, retained sufficient checks confronting political corruption and brackish leadership without a presidential term limits provision.[27] Jefferson, notwithstanding, strongly endorsed a policy of term limits. He rejected calls from supporters that he run for a third term in 1808, telling several state legislatures in 1807-1808 that he needed to support "the sound precedent ready by [his] illustrious predecessor."[25]

A political drawing showing Washington rejecting Theodore Roosevelt'south highly controversial run for a 3rd term in 1912

In 1861, the Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president and barred the president from seeking re-ballot. That innovation was endorsed by many American politicians later on the Civil War, most notably past Rutherford B. Hayes in his countdown accost. Ulysses Grant was urged to run for a third term in 1876, simply he refused. He did endeavour to win the 1880 nomination, but was defeated in part considering of pop anti-tertiary-term sentiment.[28] Theodore Roosevelt had already served over 7 years and in 1912, after a four-twelvemonth hiatus, ran for a third term. He was violently criticized and was most killed past John Flammang Schrank for doing then.[29] The 1912 election was ultimately won by Woodrow Wilson.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (president, 1933–1945) was the just president to be elected more twice, having won a tertiary term in 1940 and a 4th term in 1944 (though he died in office three months into his fourth term). This gave rise to a successful motility to formalize the traditional 2-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Xx-2nd Amendment provides that "no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice". The new Amendment explicitly did non utilize to the incumbent president, Harry Southward. Truman. However, Truman declined to seek re-election to a third term in 1952.[30]

Congress [edit]

Letter of the alphabet from Senator Orrin Hatch, offset elected in 1976, expressing reservations regarding term limits (dated February 10, 2011)

Reformers during the early on 1990s used the initiative and referendum to put congressional term limits on the ballot in 24 states. Voters in viii of these states approved the congressional term limits past an boilerplate balloter margin of 2 to one.[31] It was an open up question whether states had the constitutional authority to enact these limits. In May 1995, the U.Due south. Supreme Court ruled 5–4 in U.Due south. Term Limits, Inc. 5. Thornton, 514 U.Southward. 779 (1995), that states cannot impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators.

In the 1994 elections, part of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress. Afterward winning the majority, a Republican congressman brought a constitutional amendment to the House floor that proposed limiting members of the Senate to two six-year terms and members of the House to six two-year terms.[32] Even so, this rate of rotation was and then dull (the life-tenured Supreme Court averages near xvi years) that the congressional version of term-limits garnered niggling back up among the populist backers of term limits, including U.S. Term Limits, the largest individual arrangement pushing for congressional term limits.[d] The nib got only a bare majority (227–204), falling short of the 2-thirds majority (290) needed for constitutional amendments.[33] Three other term limit amendment bills failed to get more than than 200 votes.[e]

Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Court, the federal term limit movement was brought to a halt. The term limits intended simultaneously to reform state legislatures (as distinguished from the federal congressional delegations) remain in strength, withal, in fifteen states.[34] [35]

In 2007 Larry J. Sabato revived the debate over term limits by arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the state level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level equally well. He specifically put forth the idea of congressional term limits and suggested a national constitutional convention be used to accomplish the amendment, since the Congress would be unlikely to propose and adopt whatever subpoena that limits its ain power.

Some state legislators accept also expressed their opinions on term limits. It is confirmed that in the following five states—and at that place may be others—state lawmakers approved resolutions request Congress to propose a federal constitutional amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve:

  1. South Dakota Legislature (designated as POM-42 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 1989, South Dakota Business firm Articulation Resolution No. 1001 (see Congressional Tape of April 4, 1989, at pages 5395 and 5396, with verbatim text provided);
  2. Hawaii Senate (designated as Memorial 400 in the U.S. Firm of Representatives) approved in 1990, Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41—unicameral just (see Congressional Record of September 28, 1998, at folio 22655) information technology took 8 years for this resolution to find its way into the Congressional Record and to exist correctly referred to the Committee on the Judiciary—and even and so, its text was not provided in the Congressional Record); back in 1990, Hawaii'southward Southward.R. No. 41 was indeed received by the U.S. House of Representatives, and was designated as Memorial 416, (Congressional Tape of June half-dozen, 1990, at pages thirteen,262 and 13,263) but the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Free energy and Commerce—and its text is Not provided in the Congressional Record;
  3. Utah Legislature (designated as POM-644 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 1990, Utah Senate Joint Resolution No. 24 (run across Congressional Record of September 27, 1994, at folio 26033, with verbatim text provided) it took iv years for this resolution to find its way into the U.S. Senate's portion of the Congressional Tape;
  4. Idaho Legislature (designated as Memorial 401 in the U.S. House of Representatives) approved in 1992, Idaho Senate Joint Memorial No. 116 (meet Congressional Record of April 29, 1992, at page 9804—text NOT provided in the Congressional Record); and
  5. Florida Legislature (designated as POM-122 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 2012, Florida House Memorial No. 83 (meet Congressional Record of July 25, 2012, at folio S5378, with verbatim text provided). Taking matters a bit farther, on February 10, 2016, Florida lawmakers approved Business firm Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress, pursuant to Commodity V of the Federal Constitution, to gather a Convention to prepare a constitutional subpoena that would found term limits upon members of Congress.

Supreme Court [edit]

Legal scholars take discussed whether or not to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the U.s.. Currently, Supreme Courtroom Justices are appointed for life "during good behavior". A sentiment has developed, among certain scholars, that the Supreme Court may not be accountable in a way that is nearly in line with the spirit of checks and balances.[36] Every bit, scholars accept argued that life tenure has taken on a new significant in a modernistic context.[37] Changes in medical care have markedly raised life expectancy and therefore have allowed Justices to serve for longer than ever before.[36] [37] Steven 1000. Calebresi and James Lindgren, professors of law at Northwestern University, argued that because vacancies in the court are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average 26.i years between 1971 and 2006, the "efficacy of the autonomous cheque that the appointment procedure provides on the Court's membership" is reduced.[36] There have been several similar proposals to implement term limits for the nation's highest court, including Professor of Police force at Knuckles University Paul Carrington's "Supreme Court Renewal Human activity of 2005".[38]

Many of the proposals center effectually a term limit for Justices that would be xviii years to 25 years in length. (Larry Sabato, Professor of Political Science at University of Virginia, suggested between 15 and 18 years).[36] [37] [38] [39] The staggered term limits of eighteen years proposed by Calebresi & Lindgren (2006) and Carrington & Cramton (2005) would allow for a new engagement to the Court every ii years, which in result would allow every president at least two appointments.[37] Carrington has argued that such a mensurate would not require a ramble subpoena equally the "Constitution doesn't fifty-fifty mention life tenure; it simply requires that justices serve during 'practiced behaviour' ".[37] The idea was endorsed among Judges, as John Roberts supported term limits before he was appointed to the Supreme Court as Chief Justice. Calebresi, Lingren, and Carrington take also proposed that when justices accept served out their proposed xviii-year term they should exist able to sit on other Federal Courts until retirement, death, or removal.[36] [37]

Fairleigh Dickinson Academy's PublicMind Poll measured American voters' attitudes towards diverse proposed Supreme Court reforms, including implementing term limits. The 2010 poll found that a majority of Americans were largely unaware of a proposal to impose a term limit of 18 years, equally 82% reported they had heard piffling or zero at all.[twoscore] Still a lack of awareness, 52% of Americans approved of limiting terms to 18 years, while 35% disapproved.[twoscore] When asked how one-time is too quondam for a Supreme Court judge to serve if he seems good for you, 48% said "no limit as long as he is healthy", while 31% agreed that anyone over the age of 70 is besides old.[xl]

Some land lawmakers take officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal ramble amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices as well equally of judges of federal courts below the Supreme Courtroom level. While at that place might be others, below are iii known examples:

  1. In 1957, the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 47 on the subject (appearing in the U.S. Senate's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3, 1957, at page 10863, with total text provided);
  2. In 1978, the Tennessee Full general Assembly adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the subject (designated as POM-612 by the U.South. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25, 1978, at folio 11437); and
  3. In 1998, the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 120 on the subject area (designated as POM-511 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Tape of July 17, 1998, at page 16076).

State term limits [edit]

Term limits for land officials have existed since colonial times. The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of 1682, and the colonial frame of authorities of the aforementioned year, both authored by William Penn, provided for triennial rotation of the provincial council—the upper firm of the colonial legislature.[41] The Delaware Constitution of 1776 limited the governor to a single three-twelvemonth term; currently, the governor of Delaware can serve two four-year terms.

Gubernatorial term limits [edit]

U.Due south. gubernatorial term limits as of 2014

Governors of 36 states[42] and 4 territories are subject to various term limits, while the governors of 14 states, Puerto Rico, and the Mayor of Washington, D.C., may serve an unlimited number of terms. Each state's gubernatorial term limits are prescribed by its state constitution, with the exception of Wyoming, whose limits are found in its statutes. Territorial term limits are prescribed by its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands, the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and past statute in American Samoa.

Uniquely, Virginia prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms, although onetime governors are eligible to serve once more as governor afterwards a specified period (currently, four years) out of office. Several other states formerly had this "no succession" rule (which was part of Virginia's original constitution in 1776), simply all have eliminated the prohibition except Virginia past 2000 (including Mississippi, which repealed it in 1986, and Kentucky, which repealed information technology in 1992).[43]

The governors of the post-obit states and territories are limited to two consecutive terms, but are eligible to run again afterwards iv years out of part: Alabama,[44] Alaska,[45] Arizona,[46] Colorado,[47] Florida,[48] Georgia,[49] Hawaii,[50] Kansas,[51] Kentucky,[52] Louisiana,[53] Maine,[54] Maryland,[55] Nebraska,[56] New Bailiwick of jersey,[57] New Mexico,[58] North Carolina,[59] Ohio,[60] Pennsylvania,[61] Rhode Island,[62] Southward Carolina,[63] South Dakota,[64] Tennessee,[65] West Virginia,[66] American Samoa,[67] Guam,[68] and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[69]

Equivalently, the Governors of Indiana[70] and Oregon[71] are express to serving 8 out of any 12 years. Conversely, the Governors of Montana[72] and Wyoming[73] are limited to ii terms, serving 8 out of any 16 years.

Finally, the governors of the following states and territory are limited to two terms for life during a person'due south lifetime period: Arkansas,[74] California,[75] Delaware,[76] Michigan,[77] Mississippi,[78] Missouri,[79] Nevada,[80] the Northern Mariana Islands,[81] and Oklahoma.[82] Former Governor of California Jerry Brown, nonetheless, served four non-consecutive terms because his first two terms were before limits were passed in California, and the limits did not apply to individuals' prior terms.

The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited two-year terms. The governors (or equivalent) in the post-obit states, commune, and territory may serve unlimited four-yr terms: Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Commune of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The Governor of Utah was previously limited to serving three terms, simply all term limit laws have since been repealed by the legislature.

State legislatures with term limits [edit]

Fifteen state legislatures currently have term limits.[83] The earliest land legislative term limit was enacted in 1990, and the most recent was enacted in 2000; term limits only went into effect years later they were enacted.[83]

  • Arizona Legislature: 4 consecutive 2-year terms for both houses (viii years). No limit on full number of terms.
  • Arkansas General Assembly: 12 consecutive years with the pick to return later a four year suspension. The lifetime limit of sixteen years full in either the House or the Senate was repealed by referendum in 2020. (Prior to the 2014 election, the previous limits of three two-year terms for House members (six years) and two 4-year terms for Senate members (eight years) applied).
  • California State Legislature: twelve years full in either Assembly or Senate. (For legislators first elected on or before June v, 2012, the previous limits (enacted in 1990) of three two-year terms for Associates members (half-dozen years) and 2 four-year terms for Senate members (8 years) utilise).
  • Colorado General Assembly: four consecutive two-year terms in the House (eight years) and two sequent four-year terms in the Senate (8 years). Former members can run again after a four year break.
  • Florida Legislature: may serve no more than than viii consecutive years in either house. No limit on total number of terms.
  • Illinois Senate: Senate Presidents and Minority Leaders may not serve for more than 10 years.[84]
  • Louisiana Land Legislature: 3 consecutive four-year terms for both houses (twelve years). Members may run for the opposite body without having to sit out an election.
  • Maine Legislature: four two-year terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on full number of terms
  • Michigan Legislature: three two-year terms for House members (half dozen years) and ii four-year terms for Senate members (eight years).
  • Missouri Full general Assembly: four 2-year terms for House members (eight years) and ii four-year terms for Senate members (eight years). Members may be elected again to the other firm, but not serve more than 16 years.
  • Montana State Legislature: four two-twelvemonth terms for House members (viii years) in any 16-year period and 2 four-twelvemonth terms for Senate members (8 years) in any sixteen-year period.
  • Nebraska Legislature: unicameral legislature; members limited to two consecutive 4-yr terms (eight years), after which they must expect iv years before running again.[85]
  • Nevada Legislature: half-dozen two-year terms for Assembly members (twelve years) and three four-year terms for Senate members (twelve years).
  • Ohio General Assembly: 4 consecutive two-yr terms for Firm members (viii years) and ii consecutive iv-twelvemonth terms for Senate members (eight years).
  • Oklahoma Legislature: Twelve years of total combined service in either the House or the Senate. If a legislator's first term is the upshot of a special election, that service does not count toward the limit.[86]
  • South Dakota Legislature: four consecutive two-yr terms for both houses (eight years).

Overturned or repealed country legislative term limits [edit]

Legislative term limits have been repealed or overturned in half-dozen states. Term limits for country legislatures were adopted by Idaho and Utah in 1994, but repealed by their corresponding legislatures in 2002 (Idaho) and 2003 (Utah).[83] Term limits adopted in four states were struck down equally unconstitutional by the state supreme courts in those states: in Massachusetts, Washington and Wyoming, the court ruled that term limits could not be enacted by statute, and could simply be enacted by an amendment to the state constitution; the Oregon Supreme Court ruled that the Oregon initiative establishing term limits violated the unmarried-subject rule.[83]

Municipal term limits [edit]

Some localities impose term limits for local function. Among the 20 well-nigh populous U.S. cities:

  • In that location are no term limits in Baltimore, Maryland; Charlotte, North Carolina; Chicago, Illinois; Columbus, Ohio, Detroit, Michigan, Fort Worth, Texas and Indianapolis, Indiana.[87]
  • Term limits of equal length are applied to both mayors and metropolis council members in Austin, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio in Texas; Jacksonville, Florida; Memphis, Tennessee; New York City; and San Diego, San Francisco, and San Jose in California.[87]
  • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has term limits for the mayor, only not the urban center council.[87] The mayor may serve two sequent terms merely in that location is no limit on the total number of terms.
  • Los Angeles, California and Phoenix, Arizona take term limits for both the mayor and metropolis quango, but the term limits for the mayor are stricter than the term limits for the council.[87]

A 2-term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials (except for district attorneys) in New York Urban center later on a 1993 referendum (run across the Charter of the Urban center of New York, § 1138). On November 3, 2008, however, when Michael Bloomberg was in his 2nd term of mayor, the City Council approved the extension of the two-term limit to a three-term limit; 1 twelvemonth after, he was elected to a third term. The two-term limit was reinstated after a referendum in 2010.[88] [89]

Impact [edit]

Inquiry shows that legislative term limits increase legislative polarization,[90] reduce the legislative skills of politicians,[91] [92] [93] reduce the legislative productivity of politicians,[94] weaken legislatures vis-à-vis the executive,[95] and reduce voter turnout.[96] Parties respond to the implementation of term limits by recruiting candidates for part on more than partisan lines.[97] States that implement term limits in the state legislatures are associated with too developing more powerful House speakers.[98]

Term limits take not reduced campaign spending,[99] reduced the gender gap in political representation,[100] increased the diversity of law-makers,[101] or increased the elective service activities of law-makers.[102] Term limits have been linked to lower growth in revenues and expenditures.[103]

See also [edit]

  • Widow's succession
  • Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
  • List of political term limits
  • Political form
  • 2d Constitutional Convention of the United states

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Commodity 9, paragraph five, of the Manufactures of Confederation provided that, "no person exist allowed to serve in the office of president more than than i year in whatsoever term of 4 years."
  2. ^ See Family Guardian, "Thomas Jefferson on Politics & Regime".
  3. ^ For a detailed study of the 19th-century concepts of rotation, consult Struble Jr (1979–1980, p. 650). Come across besides Struble Jr (2010); Young (1966).
  4. ^ U.S. Term Limits wanted House members to exist limited to three two-year terms.[ citation needed ]
  5. ^ The iv constitutional amendments on term limits which the House rejected 29 March 1995 were sponsored by: Democrat John Dingell [12/12 retroactive], rejected 135–297; Republican Bob Inglis [half dozen/12, not retroactive], rejected 114–316; Republican Van Hilleary [12/12, unretroactive, but defers to more stringent land imposed limits], rejected 164–265; Republican Beak McCollum [12/12 not retroactive and would override more than stringent land limits]; approved past less than the requisite 2/three, 227–204; on February 12, 1997 Congress did also by a margin of 217–211 [50.7%].

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ Fagan, Garrett G. (2003) [1999]. The History of Ancient Rome (DVD). The Great Courses. The Teaching Company. ...Role-holding at Rome was based on ii important concepts: collegiality and limited tenure of part...
  2. ^ "Primal Orders of Connecticut". avalon.police.yale.edu. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  3. ^ "Constitution of Pennsylvania - September 28, 1776; section 8". avalon.law.yale.edu. Yale Police School Lillian Goldman Law Library. eighteen December 1998.
  4. ^ "Constitution of Pennsylvania - September 28, 1776; section xix". avalon.law.yale.edu. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library. 18 December 1998. On Franklin'southward plan of 1775, come across Smyth, Albert Henry, ed. (1907). The Writings of Benjamin Franklin. Vol. 6. New York: Macmillan. page 423, article 9.
  5. ^ "Articles of Confederation: March ane, 1781". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  6. ^ Boyd 1950, vol. 1, p. 411
  7. ^ Crane, Edward H.; Pilon, Roger, eds. (1994). The Politics and Law of Term Limits. Washington, DC: Cato Institute. p. 62. ISBN9781882577132.
  8. ^ Ballagh (1911, Alphabetic character to Edmund Randolph dated 16 October 1787: vol two, pp. 450-455). See besides Ballagh (1911, Letter to Edmund Pendleton dated 12 May 1776: vol. 1, p.191); Bennett, Walter H., ed. (1978). Messages from the Federal Farmer to the Republican. Academy of Alabama Press. pp. 72–75, 86.
  9. ^ Boyd 1950, vol. 12 p. 440; vol. 13 p. 490. See also Boyd 1950, vol. 15 p. 25 for Jefferson'south definition of rotation in office.
  10. ^ Eliot, Jonathan, ed. (1836). The Debates in the Several State Conventions on Adoption of the Federal Constitution. Vol. 3. Washington, DC: Authorities Printing Office. p. 485.
  11. ^ Otis Warren, Mercy (1981). "Observations on the new Constitution, and on the Federal and State Conventions 9". In Staring, Herbert J. (ed.). The Consummate Anti-Federalist. Vol. 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 270–278.
  12. ^ Korzi 2013, pp. 43–44.
  13. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 71–116.
  14. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 144–222.
  15. ^ Pietrusza 2007.
  16. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 317–340.
  17. ^ (Struble Jr 1979–1980, p.650, footnote 6). The quotation is from Henry James, the biographer.
  18. ^ a b John M. Carey, Richard G. Niemi & Lynda W. Powell, Term Limits in Land Legislatures (Academy of Michigan Press: 2009), pp. 1-2.
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Bibliography [edit]

  • Bailey, Harry A. (1972). "Presidential Tenure and the 2-Term Tradition". Publius. 2 (2): 95–106. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a038259. JSTOR 3329550.
  • Ballagh, James C., ed. (1911). The Letters of Richard Henry Lee. Vol. Two volumes. New York: Macmillan.
  • Boyd, Julian F., ed. (1950). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Crockett, David A. (2008). "An Backlog of Refinement: Lame Duck Presidents in Constitutional and Historical Context". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 38 (4): 707–721. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2008.02673.x. The states presidential nominating convention
  • Korzi, Michael J. (2009). "Changing Views of Executive Tenure in Early American History". White House Studies. 8 (3): 357–379.
  • Korzi, Michael J. (2013). Presidential Term Limits in American History: Power, Principles, and Politics. Texas A&M University Publishing. ISBN9781603449915.
  • Pietrusza, David (2007). 1920: The Year of Six Presidents. New York: Carroll & Graf.
  • Stein, Charles W. (1943). The Third-Term Tradition: Its Rise and Collapse in American Politics. New York: Columbia University Printing.
  • Struble Jr, Robert (Winter 1979–1980). "Business firm Turnover and the Principle of Rotation" (PDF). Political Science Quarterly. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-xi.
  • Struble Jr, Robert (2010). "Rotation in Office, and other democratic reforms". Treatise on Twelve Lights. Archived from the original on 2016-04-xi.
  • Young, James S. (1966). The Washington Community, 1800–1828 . New York: Columbia Academy Press.

Further reading [edit]

  • Kousser, T. (2004). Term Limits and the Dismantling of Land Legislative Professionalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • O'Keefe, Eric (2008). "Term Limits". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Found. pp. 504–06. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n308. ISBN978-i-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
  • Peabody, Bruce Chiliad. (2001). "George Washington, presidential term limits, and the problem of reluctant political leadership". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 31 (3): 439–453. doi:10.1111/j.0360-4918.2001.00180.x.
  • Sigel, Roberta S.; Butler, David J. (1964). "The Public and the No Tertiary Term Tradition: Enquiry into Attitudes Toward Power". Midwest Journal of Political Science. 8 (ane): 39–54. doi:10.2307/2108652. JSTOR 2108652.
  • Stathis, Stephen W. (1990). "The Xx-Second Amendment: A practical remedy or partisan maneuver". Ramble Commentary. 7: 61.

External links [edit]

  • National Conference of State Legislatures term limits summary
  • Give-and-take on Term Limits

williamstheoper.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States

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